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| 2004.7.30 불교명상(영어) |
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WRITER:
 관리자 (118.♡.103.201) DATE :
10-10-25 11:43 READ :
830
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 2004.7.30 불교명상(영어).pdf (52.0K), Down : 17, 2011-06-01 11:11:24 | |
Ⅰ. Introduction to Buddhism Meditation
1. Understanding of Religion according to Wilfred Cantwell Smith.
Religion consists of two different categories: 1) accumulative tradition 2) faith.
**Difference between belief and faith.
2. There are several misunderstandings about Buddhism.
First, Buddhism is not atheism.
Second, Buddhism is not pessimism, skepticism, or nihilism.
Third, Buddhism is not "self-power religion"
3. Life of Buddha (BC464- BC383)
1) The Buddha, whose personal name was Siddhattha, and family name Gotama.
2) He was born in North India. (His father was the ruler of the kingdom of the Sakyas and his mother was queen Maya.)
3) He was married at the age of eighteen. At the age of 29, He had his first and only child, Rahula.
4) He left his kingdom and became an ascetic in search of the solution to get out of the universal suffering.
5) He practiced Yoga under different teachers and attained the highest mystic state; but he was not satisfied with this.
6) He practiced ascetic meditation for six years.
7) He abandoned all traditional religions and their methods and went his own way.
8) One evening, seated under a tree called Bodhi tree, Gotama attained Enlightenment at the age of 35.
9) After his Enlightenment, Gotama the Buddha delivered his first sermon to a group of five ascetics. From that day, for 45 years, he taught all classes of men and women and died at the age of 80 at Kusinara.
4. Teaching of Buddha-- The Four Noble Truths
1) Dukkha (suffering, imperfection, impermanence, emptiness)
2) Samudaya (the arising or orgin of dukkha)
3) Nirodha (the cessation of dukkha)-Nirvana.
Nirvana is 'Extinction of Thirst', 'absence of desire', 'blowing out'. Our function is to realize it.
4) Magga (the way leading to the cessation of dukkha)
-The Fourth Noble Truth is that of the Way (path) leading to the Cessation of Dukkha. The Buddha introduced the Noble Eightfold Path which could lead to the Cessation of Dukkha. The essence of the Buddha's teaching is found in this Noble Eightfold Path.
1) Right Understanding
2) Right Thought
3) Right Speech
4) Right Action
5) Right Livelihood
6) Right Deligence
7) Right Mindfulness
8) Right Concentration
These eight factors aim at promoting and perfecting the three essentials of Buddhist training and discipline: a) ethical conduct (Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood), b) mental discipline (Right Deligence, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration), and c) wisdom (Right Thought and Right Understanding).
5. Enlightenment of Buddha
What is Enlightenment?--The Doctrine of Conditioned Genesis (Thich Naht Han : "interbeing")
Everything is conditioned, relative, and interdependent. This is the Buddhist theory of relativity. The principle of this doctrine is given in a short formula of four lines:
When this is, that is;
This arising, that arises;
When this is not, that is not;
This ceasing, that ceases.
The wisdom of the Buddha is not only intellectual wisdom but also his compassion and mercy. There is a close relationship between 'interbeing' in Buddhism and 'love' in Christianity. In Buddhism, wisdom and compassion are inseparably linked together.
6. The Doctrine of Conditioned Genesis and Love of Christianity
Matthew 25:40 "In truth I tell you, in so far as you did this to one of the least of these brothers of mine, you did it to me." Jesus identified himself with the least of the brothers.
1 Corinthian 12: 12-21 " the parts are many but the body is one."
In Buddhism, all things in nature (the universe) is one body. It includes animals and plants as well as human beings.
7. Emptiness
8. The doctrine of No-self
According to the doctrine of Conditioned Genesis, the idea of an abiding, immortal substance in man or outside, whether it is called Atman, I, Soul, Self, or Ego, is considered only a false belief, a mental projection. This is the Buddhist doctrine of Atman, No-Soul or No-Self.
-Monk Dogen: "To learn Dharma (Truth, Teaching, doctrine, righteousness, piety, morality, justice, nature, all things and states conditioned or unconditioned) is to learn about oneself. To learn about oneself is to forget about oneself. Then, one can enter into Atman.
Ⅱ. Meditation of Theravada Buddhism
-What form of meditation might the Buddha practice? It is Theravada Buddhism that is regarded to have kept the Buddha's practice (the original orthodox Buddhism)best.
-Theravada Buddhism is followed in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Vietnam (Thiland, Cambodia, Laos) today.
-The most representative practice in Theravada Buddhism is Vipassana mediatation. 'Vi' means 'to penetrate', and 'passana' means 'to see'. Vipassana means 'to see through'. What does 'vipassana' see through? It sees through the essential nature of things.
-The Buddha listed four areas as objects of vipassana. They are 1)our body, 2) our feelings and sensations, 3) the mind, and 4) various moral and intellectual subjects (Dharma). Among these four objects, we are going to focus on 'Body'.
1. Importance of body
-The 'Body' in this context does not mean the 'Flesh' which is differentiated from the 'mind'. When people in the East mention the 'body', they include the 'mind' too.
-This is why the Buddhism emphasizes the need of constant meditation even after he/she attained the 'Enlightenment'. In Buddhism, there is no once-and-for-all type Enlightenment.
2. How to practice Breath Meditation
1) When We practice Breath Meditation with sitting.
--You can have any sitting position, but if possible straighten your back.
--Both hands rest palms up in front of the lower belly with both thumbs.
--Close your eyes or semi-close your eyes.
2) Before practicing Breath Meditation, all anxiety and thought should be put down.
3) If you have some thinking, you don't try to stop thinking.
After you recognize that "I fall some other thought", You return to Breath meditation.
4) Abdomen Breath
When breathing in, Abdomen come out.
When breathing out. Abdomen come in.
5) Method of breathing concentration
① counting
② recognize of moving of Abdomen
③ using a word, a phrase
-in, out
-deep, slow
-calm, ease
-smile, release
-present moment, wonderful moment
6) When you practice meditation, you must recognize your thought, feeling, obstacle.
--You become enlightened, when this recognition is apparent; everything disappears and we can realize there is nothing everlasting. This is the impermanence(無常) and no-self(無我) reality of existence. When we become to recognize deeply, we can know that time is now present. In other words, we have just only this moment.
3. Walking meditation
-“In walking, just walk, In sitting, just sit."
-Breath meditation is concentration on breath, walking meditation is concentration on walking.
1) How to perform walking meditation
- We practice walking meditation indoors or outdoors.
-When we practice walking meditation indoors, the first step is breathe in, next breathe out.
-Walk more slowly than usual in the state breathing in accordance with walking step.
-Walking outdoors is faster than walking indoors.
-You can count or using a word or a phrase.
-In Vipassana meditation, you have to concentrate your mind on the movement of the legs.
-Breathe in on one step, breathe out on next step.
-Counting
-Using a word, a phrase
"I am arrived, I am home, In the now, In the here,"
"Lord Jesus be with me"
Ⅲ. Meditation of Mahayana Buddhism
1. Background of the origin of Mahayana Buddhism
After Buddha died, the disciples began to write all the things which he taught. While they were working, the division occurred because of the differences in interpretations. However, there were many people who insisted to interpret the commandments in accordance with the times. It was that which became the basis on the formation for Mayahana Buddhism.
2. Koan(公案)= Hwadu ("key phrase" 話頭)
- Originally 'Koan' means the official laws of office
-It has to be done absolutely. Koan also provides the absolute distinctions to the people who purses the enlightenment.
-The ' Koan' means the problems which cannot be solved by our reasons or intellects. Koan is not the thing which can be understood by the thought.
3. The kinds of 'Koan'
-There are 1700 kinds of 'Koan' which are listed in the books.
ex) -what is your original face which you have before you were born?
-we know the sounds when we clap. Then, "what is the sound of one hand?"
-one monk asked Dong-san; what is Buddha? "three yard of linen"
-one monk asked Jo-Ju: what's the reason that Dal-ma went to China? "the pine nuts tree in front of yard"
-"nothingness" word
**Do the dogs have 'Buddha Nature'? "nothingness"
4. Concentrating the mind on the Koan
1) The big doubtful mass
-Koan can be said as 'the big doubtful mass' which we cannot solve by our thought.
-We have many 'Koan', but it is good for us to keep on a certain 'Koan' rather than to change the 'Koan'. Namely, we consider that in case we solve a certain 'Koan'. Other 'Koan' come to be solved.
2) Enlightenment
-The purpose of Zen is to get enlightenment through the realization of 'Koan.'
-The enlightenment in Buddhism is not ecstasy or mystery experience. It is the enlightenment of the reality of being. In other words, it is also the enlightenment about 'Interdependent Origination' and 'Emptiness.' likewise, the opening eyes toward the reality of being which we could not before can be accomplished by the complete consciousness transformation.
3) Enlightenment and Metanoia
-We can compare the 'expression of enlightenment' in Christianity with that in Buddhism
-The meaning of repentance in Old Testament.
-The meaning of repentance in New Testament.
-In other words, the word 'Metanoia' which Jesus Christ used has the origin from the noun form 'metanois' (change) in Hebrew.
- It means that metanois can occur from the deepest point in our inner heart. So enlightenment and repentance has the same meaning in the view of the entire sensual changes.
4) Comparing the Kingdom of God and Nirvana
5. The Meditation Method of Zen
1) Faith
-The 'Faith' which indicates in Buddhism is the faith about 'Dharma'. At the same time it is about the 'Buddha Nature'.
-In terms of Christianity expression, it is the faith in the God and our unique nature which is the image of God.
-We can find this 'All the living things have Buddha nature' in the 『Nirvana sutra』.
Buddha nature is like that of Buddha'. Because we were born with the Buddha's nature. We are able to become 'Buddha'.
- Comparison of the faith toward Original Sin and original Grace
2) The choice of Koan
-The concentration method of 'nothingness'
-when we breathe in, saying 'nothingness', breathe out saying 'nothingness'
-Once you become accustomed to doing that, then you breathe in and breathe out saying once 'nothingness'
-breathe in twice and breathe out saying 'nothingness'
-After saying 'nothingness' once, if possible do not repeat 'nothingness' once.
3) Koan of Christianity
● Jesus
● you can use the word 'God' or 'Love'
● The way is same as that of 'nothingness'
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